The science
Many ingredients in our Noops formulations are approved by the NHC (Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims). For all other ingredients, we still have the science, we've included clinical studies for your reference.
INGREDIENT RESEARCH
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Discover the scientific evidence and research behind our premium ingredients.
Discover the scientific evidence and research behind our premium ingredients.
Zinc
STRONG EVIDENCE
An essential trace mineral involved in numerous enzymatic processes in the brain and body. Zinc contributes to normal cognitive function, supports neurotransmitter activity, and helps maintain overall mental performance.
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8
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Zinc contributes to normal cognitive function | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1229 |
| Zinc contributes to DNA synthesis and cell division | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1229 |
| Zinc contributes to normal protein synthesis | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1819 |
| Zinc contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress (protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage) | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1229 |
| From development to treatment: A comparative/ dose response meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829928 |
| Effect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20087376 |
| Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Physical and Psychological Symptoms, Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Young Women with Premenstrual Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31154571 |
| Zinc monotherapy increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreases depressive symptoms in overweight or obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24621065 |
Ginkgo Biloba
STRONG EVIDENCE
Ginkgo is often used as a dietary supplement for cognitive improvement. Many studies are focused on how Gingko can improve cognitive function in healthy middle-aged people, older people and healthy younger people.
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14
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Helps maintaining mental well-being (e.g by maintaining focus on the work memory in the short term and during moments of increased stress): Claim No (2261) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Help maintaining memory with age decline and to preserve cognitive function: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Help maintaining good cognitive functions, to contribute to a normal blood circulation which is associated with brain performance and reactivity: Claim No (4567) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Retain and recall facts, to maintain clear thinking and to maintain day-to-day focus: Claim No (2261) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contribute to mental and cognitive activities: Claim No (2261) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to help maintaining mental well-being e.g by maintaining focus on the work memory in the short term and during moments of increased stress: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to helps maintaining memory with age decline and to preserve cognitive function: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to help maintaining good cognitive functions, to contribute to a normal blood circulation which is associated with brain performance and reactivity: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to retain and recall facts, to maintain clear thinking and to maintain day-to-day focus: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to contribute to mental and cognitive activities: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of dementia | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819725 |
| Specific memory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in middle-aged healthy volunteers | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802920 |
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404671 |
| Effects of Ginkgo biloba on cerebral blood flow assessed by quantitative MR perfusion imaging: a pilot study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21061003 |
Magnesium Glycinate
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Magnesium is an essential dietary mineral that contributes to normal psychological function and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Research indicates it plays a role in supporting muscle relaxation and healthy sleep patterns. Magnesium glycinate is a highly absorbable form, often chosen for its gentle effect on the stomach and suitability for evening use.
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12
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Magnesium contributes to normal psychological function | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1807 |
| Magnesium contributes to a reduction of tiredness and fatigue | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1807 |
| Magnesium contributes to electrolyte balance | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1807 |
| Magnesium contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1807 |
| Magnesium has a role in the process of cell division | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1807 |
| The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29882776 |
| Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974 |
| Oral Mg(2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163983 |
| Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787 |
| The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635 |
| Why all migraine patients should be treated with magnesium | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22426836 |
| The Role of Magnesium in Pathophysiology and Migraine | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31691193 |
Montmorency Cherry
Strong Evidence
Naturally rich in anthocyanins and other beneficial compounds, Montmorency cherries have been studied for their potential to support healthy sleep patterns and overnight recovery. Their antioxidant content also contributes to the body’s defence against oxidative stress.
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13
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Supports a natural sleep | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Helps to protect the body from free radicals | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Camellia sinensis has beneficial antioxidant properties | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Camellia sinensis supports resting metabolic rate | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to the natural defences of the body | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17182482 |
| Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21477654 |
| The cognitive-enhancing outcomes of caffeine and L-theanine: A systematic review | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111479 |
| The Effects of Green Tea Amino Acid L-Theanine Consumption on the Ability to Manage Stress and Anxiety Levels: a Systematic Review | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758301 |
| Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623400 |
| L-theanine improves neurophysiological measures of attention in a dose-dependent manner: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32777998 |
| Effects of l-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33751906 |
| The deployment of intersensory selective attention: a high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17272967 |
Vitamin D
Strong Evidence
A vital nutrient for brain and body health, Vitamin D3 contributes to normal immune function and has been linked to supporting mood balance and cognitive performance. Adequate levels are associated with overall mental wellbeing.
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8
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Vitamin D has a role to play in the process of cell division | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1227 |
| Impact of vitamin D on neurocognitive function in dementia, depression, schizophrenia and ADHD | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33049684/ |
| Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22629085 |
| Vitamin D and depression | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27750060 |
| Vitamin D: A Narrative Review Examining the Evidence for Ten Beliefs | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26951286 |
| Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25701329 |
| Testosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19625884 |
| Testosterone in women--the clinical significance | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26358173 |
Ashwagandha
Strong Evidence
A highly concentrated extract of the ashwagandha root, traditionally used to help the body adapt to physical and emotional stress. Scientific studies suggest it may support relaxation, promote emotional balance, and help maintain normal energy levels without causing drowsiness.
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22
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Supports in periods of mental and nervous tension and anxiousness. Contributes to optimal relaxation. Helps to support relaxation, mental and physical wellbeing. Contributes to emotional balance and general wellbeing | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Improves the body's resistance to stress. Helps the body to deal with stress. Helps maintain mental balance. Supports mental function in the elderly. Supports the onset of sleep. Supports learning, memory and recall. Helps you recover from stressful events. Helps maintain emotional stability | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Stress & Anxiety: A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23439798 |
| Memory & Cognition: Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28471731 |
| Sleep Quality: Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in insomnia and anxiety | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6827862 |
| Assessment of the Efficacy of Withania somniferaRoot Extract in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Double-blind Placebo- Controlled Trial | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32282308 |
| An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517876 |
| Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognitive Functions in Healthy, Stressed Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34858513 |
| Efficacy of Withania somnifera supplementation on adult's cognition and mood | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34838432 |
| Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34559859 |
| Does Ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017529 |
| Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34254920 |
| Protective effect of Withania somnifera dunal root extract against protracted social isolation induced behavior in rats | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18476388 |
| Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194174 |
| Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera dunal.: A possible mechanism | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19444606 |
| A biologically active constituent of withania somnifera (ashwagandha) with antistress activity | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23105317 |
| Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444668 |
| Protective role of Ashwagandha leaf extract and its component withanone on scopolamine-induced changes in the brain and brain-derived cells | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22096544 |
| Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognitive Functions in Healthy, Stressed Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34858513 |
| Potential clinical applications of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in medicine and neuropsychiatry | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36062480 |
| Effects of Acute Ashwaganda Ingestion on Cognitive Function | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36231152 |
Lemon Balm
Strong Evidence
A fragrant botanical traditionally used to support relaxation and emotional balance. Studies suggest lemon balm may help promote calmness, reduce feelings of restlessness, and support healthy sleep cycles.
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12
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Clinically/scientifically proven to help maintain a positive mood and good cognitive functioning: Claim No (2084) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to optimal relaxation; Helps to support relaxation and mental and physical well-being; Contributes to a good and calm rest: Claim No (2848) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Support calmness and to help sleep onset: Claim No (2848) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to optimal relaxation: Claim No (2301) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to a normal/ helps to maintain a healthy sleep: Claim No(2848) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| For insomnia and mental health Claim No (2301) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Acts as an antioxidant: Claim No (3712) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Maintain the natural hormonal balance of the human body: Claim No (4444) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to a good and calm rest: Claim No (2848) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449930 |
| Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22207903 |
| Melissa offinalis L. hydro-alcoholic extract inhibits anxiety and depression through the prevention of central oxidative stress and apoptosis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32003913/ |
Lactospore Probiotic
Strong Evidence
Lactospore is a patented and clinically studied strain of Bascillus coagulans MTCC 5856 from Sabinsa. Recent studies are recognising the relationship between the gut-brain axis and resilience and stress. It appears that the gut biome may be associated with psychiatric conditions.
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5
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 for the management of major depression with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-centre, pilot clinical study | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6034030 |
| The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota Gut–Brain Axis: A literature Review. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1054. DOI: 10.3390/nu16071054 | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1054 |
| Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 mediate via reshaping of microbiome gut-brain axis in rats | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641109 |
| Probiotic characteristics of Bacillus coagulans and associated implications for human health and diseases | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464619305675 |
| Clinical, gut microbial and neural effects of a probiotic add-on therapy in depressed patients: a randomized controlled trial | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-01977-z |
Iron
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Iron is an essential element for brain development and function. Studies focus on neurotransmitter synthesis, uptake and degradation. All of which are involved in behaviour, memory, learning and sensory systems.
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9
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Iron contributes to normal cognitive function | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215 |
| Iron has a role in the process of cell division | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215 |
| Iron contributes to normal formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215 |
| Iron contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215 |
| Iron deficiency and common neurodevelopmental disorders | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36173945 |
| Iron deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, Autism spectrum disorder, internalizing and externalizing disorders, and movement disorders | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37147046 |
| Iron and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: What is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23082739 |
| Could treatment of iron deficiency both improve ADHD and reduce cardiovascular risk during treatment with ADHD drugs? | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632845 |
| Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation on Cognitive Function among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558491 |
Bacopa Extract
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Bacopa monnieri is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine. Studies investigate the impact it is thought to have on cognitive function, memory, stress relief, anxiety, general mood and vitality.
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12
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| May help to improve concentration and memory | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Helps the maintenance of good cognitive function/helps to maintain memory with age decline and to preserve cognitive function | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Helps the peripherical blood micro circulation/contributes to normal blood circulation, which is associated with brain performance | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of bacopa monnieri extract | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24252493 |
| Neuroprotection with bacopa monnieri - a review of experimental evidence | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675463 |
| Bacopa monnieri for disorders affecting brain: current perspectives | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35043757 |
| Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb bacopa monnieri | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772955 |
| Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic ASPECTS | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31126578 |
| Use of Bacopa monnieri in the Treatment of Dementia Due to Alzheimer Disease: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35612544 |
| The effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical data | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33436817 |
| Bacopa monniera leaf extract up-regulates tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression: implications in memory formation | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129470 |
| Evaluation of comparative free-radical quenching potential of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) and Mandookparni (Centella asiatica) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22408313 |
Lions Mane
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
This mushroom has recently gained popularity for its potential neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. This has prompted experts to look at its potential for neurogenerative conditions and cognitive decline.
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10
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus (Lions Mane) intake | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20834180 |
| Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24266378 |
| Neurohealth Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lions Mane) Mycelia Enriched with Erinacines | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987239 |
| Hericium erinaceus (Lions Mane), an amazing medicinal mushroom | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11557-015-1105-4 |
| Hericium erinaceus (Lions Mane): an edible mushroom with medicinal values | https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2013-0001/html |
| Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18844328 |
| Improvement of cognitive functions by oral intake of Hericium erinaceus | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31413233 |
| Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20834180 |
| Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31118969 |
| Therapeutic Potential of Hericium erinaceus for Depressive Disorder | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31881712 |
Pine Bark Extract
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Research suggests that Pine Bark enhances brain function through antioxidant support and improved cerebral blood flow.
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1
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Helps to maintain good health by protecting cells & tissues through its antioxidant property. | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency in the brain has been implicated in dementia and symptoms of depression. Study by experts are looking into how Thiamine can support brain function.
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6
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Thiamine contributes to normal psychological function | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1222 |
| Thiamine contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1222 |
| Thiamin deficiency and brain disorders | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19087395 |
| Thiamine-dependent regulation of mammalian brain pyridoxal kinase in vitro and in vivo | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35050500 |
| Thiamine and benfotiamine improve cognition and ameliorate GSK-3β-associated stress-induced behaviours in mice | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27825907 |
| Thiamine and benfotiamine prevent stress-induced suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis in mice exposed to predation without affecting brain thiamine diphosphate levels | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28506637 |
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
This is one of the B vitamins critical in the formation of Co-enzyme A, that helps enzymes in the body to function and for general energy production. Studies look into the role that pantothenic acid has in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
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5
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Pantothenic acid contributes to normal mental performance (Mental Performance) | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1218 |
| Reduction of tiredness and fatigue | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1218 |
| Pantothenic acid contributes to the normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, vitamin D and some neurotransmitters | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1218 |
| Cerebral deficiency of vitamin B5 (d-pantothenic acid; pantothenate) as a potentially reversible cause of neurodegeneration and dementia in sporadic Alzheimer's disease | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32416962 |
| Major involvement of Na(+) -dependent multivitamin transporter (SLC5A6/SMVT) in uptake of biotin and pantothenic acid by human brain capillary endothelial cells | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809983 |
| Pantothenic acid transport and metabolism in the central nervous system | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3080905 |
| Development and Characterisation of Pantothenic Acid Transport in Brain | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb04536.x |
| Vitamin transport and homeostasis in mammalian brain: focus on Vitamins B and E | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17645457/ |
| B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772032/ |
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Vitamin B7 plays an important role in cell regulation which is crucial for the brain via neurotransmitters. This has led to studies focusing on how B vitamins play a regulatory role in memory and learning.
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4
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Contributes to normal psychological function | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1728 |
| Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1728 |
| Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1728 |
| The protective effect of biotin supplementation and swimming training on cognitive impairment and mental symptoms in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: A behavioural, biochemical, and histological study | https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)08330-0 |
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Neuroinflammation is a significant risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Studies into Vitamin B2 look at how Riboflavin improves cognitive impairment via its anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress properties.
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5
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Contribution to normal psychological functions | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814 |
| Contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814 |
| Contributes to the normal metabolism of iron | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814 |
| Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814 |
| Contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue | https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814 |
| Riboflavin and pyridoxine restore dopamine levels and reduce oxidative stress in brain of rats | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30413185 |
L-Tyrosine
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
The main benefits of L-tyrosine relate to catecholamines (dopamine) in the brain which may become depleted during stressful situations. Multiple studies have demonstrated it may prevent cognitive decline.
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7
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Behavioural and cognitive effects of tyrosine intake in healthy human | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25797188 |
| Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26424423 |
| Tyrosine for mitigating stress and enhancing performance in healthy adult humans, a rapid evidence assessment of the literature | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26126245 |
| Increased tyrosine availability increases brain regional DOPA levels in vivo | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22841861 |
| L-tyrosine to alleviate the effects of stress? | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17476368 |
| Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8029265 |
| Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17513421 |
Siberian Ginseng
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Siberian ginseng is an adaptogen compound, that is commonly used in traditional medicine to combat fatigue. It is also thought to impact on cognition, stress and neuroprotection as evidenced by a number of studies.
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11
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Clinically/scientifically proven extract to help maintaining optimal stamina, feeling of energy and vitality, physical and mental well-being | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven extract to help to support vitality in the body and to contributes to the body’s resistance to stress | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven extract to make you feel more energetic | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Helps to maintain good cognitive performance | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to normal blood circulation, which is associated with brain performance and reactivity | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Supports memory performance | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Helps to maintain physical and mental capacities in cases of weakness, exhaustion, tiredness, and loss of concentration | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contributes to optimal mental and cognitive activity | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Effect of eleutherococcus (GINSENG) on short-term memory and visual perception in healthy humans | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14650206 |
| Inhibitory effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on amyloid beta(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18612196 |
| Neuroprotective effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus bark on transient global cerebral ischemia in rats | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21645606 |
Vitamin B12
Strong Evidence
Vitamin B12 is often used for general fatigue and might benefit people with myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) (ME/CFS). One study found that vitamin B12 improved symptoms of fatigue in two thirds of people with ME/CFS.
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4
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 contributes to neurological and psychological function | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1756 |
| Vitamin B12 conTributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1756 |
| Open Trial of Vitamin B12 Nasal Drops in Adults With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Comparison of Responders and Non-Responders | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31616305 |
| Vitamin B12 in health and disease | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22254022 |
Vitamin B6
Strong Evidence
Vitamin B6 is important for the synthesis of many neurotransmitters, including GABA, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin, histamine, glycine, and d-serine, indicating that vitamin Research suggest that B6 supplementation may enhance many neurotransmitter systems.
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6
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B6 contributes to normal psychological function | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1759 |
| Vitamin B6 contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue | https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1759 |
| High-dose Vitamin B6 reduces sensory over-responsivity | https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/117809/ |
| High-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2852 |
| B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26828517 |
| Why is vitamin B6 effective in alleviating the symptoms of autism? | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29685187 |
Ginkgo Biloba
STRONG EVIDENCE
Ginkgo is often used as a dietary supplement for cognitive improvement. Many studies are focused on how Gingko can improve cognitive function in healthy middle-aged people, older people and healthy younger people.
See the science
14
Claims &
Studies
| CLAIM / STUDY | RESOURCE |
|---|---|
| Helps maintaining mental well-being (e.g by maintaining focus on the work memory in the short term and during moments of increased stress): Claim No (2261) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Help maintaining memory with age decline and to preserve cognitive function: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Help maintaining good cognitive functions, to contribute to a normal blood circulation which is associated with brain performance and reactivity: Claim No (4567) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Retain and recall facts, to maintain clear thinking and to maintain day-to-day focus: Claim No (2261) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Contribute to mental and cognitive activities: Claim No (2261) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to help maintaining mental well-being e.g by maintaining focus on the work memory in the short term and during moments of increased stress: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to helps maintaining memory with age decline and to preserve cognitive function: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to help maintaining good cognitive functions, to contribute to a normal blood circulation which is associated with brain performance and reactivity: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to retain and recall facts, to maintain clear thinking and to maintain day-to-day focus: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Clinically/scientifically proven to contribute to mental and cognitive activities: Claim No (3364) | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods |
| Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of dementia | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819725 |
| Specific memory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in middle-aged healthy volunteers | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802920 |
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404671 |
| Effects of Ginkgo biloba on cerebral blood flow assessed by quantitative MR perfusion imaging: a pilot study | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21061003 |